Aim: To assess and compare the mandibular intercanine width (ICW) of children at three stages of mixed dentition in children at Namakkal district. Materials and methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 135 schoolchildren aged 7–11 years, with 45 children in each group. Group I included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central incisors, group II included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central and lateral incisors, and group III included children with completely erupted permanent mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. Impressions were made in the mandibular anterior region, and study casts were prepared. Measurements of the mandibular ICW were taken using a digital vernier caliper. Results: The mean mandibular ICW after the complete eruption of permanent mandibular central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines was 23.7, 25.5, and 25.7 mm, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the ICW between the three groups (p < 0.001). Post hoc tests showed that mandibular ICW was statistically significant between groups I and II and group III (p < 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that age does not contribute to the changes in mandibular ICW. Conclusion: The average mandibular ICW found can be a standard comparison for treatment planning in the western Tamil Nadu population. Mandibular ICW reaches its maximum after the eruption of permanent mandibular lateral incisors. Changes in mandibular ICW should be attributed to the eruption of permanent mandibular anterior teeth and not to the age of the child.

Introduction: In recent years, the dental profession's focus has shifted from the therapeutic to the preventive aspect of dental caries. Pit and fissure sealants, optimal fluoridation, healthy dietary habits, and good oral hygiene have been recommended for caries prevention. Many sealant materials are available on the market. Compomers are hybrid dental materials that are modified composite resins with polyacids. The esthetic properties of traditional composite systems are combined with the fluoride-releasing and adhesive properties of glass ionomer cement (GIC). Organically modified ceramic (Ormocer) material has high abrasion resistance and better aesthetics, similar to natural teeth. Aim: To compare the sealing ability of compomer and ormocer as pit and fissure sealants in permanent mandibular first molars of 7–9-year-old children. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study with a split-mouth design was conducted on 88 children aged 7–9 years who attended the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry. Children were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. By tossing a coin, the placement of sealant material was selected for the right permanent first molar. Rubber dam isolation was done. The tooth surface was etched and washed. The respective sealants were applied. Sealants were cured with visible light, and occlusion was checked with articulating paper. Subsequently, the second sealant was placed in the next appointment, following the same clinical procedure in the opposite quadrant. Clinical evaluation was done at 3, 6, and 9 months for retention, marginal integrity, color match, wear, and presence of caries. The criteria were graded and rated as alpha, beta, and charlie based on modified Ryge United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. All the data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software 20.0. Results: The retention rate of ormocer at the 9-month review interval was 88.3%. There was a statistically significant difference in retention rates between compomer and ormocer (p = 0.003). The marginal integrity and wear of ormocer at the 9-month review interval were 84.4% compared with compomer, which was statistically significant with p = 0.010 and p = 0.035, respectively. Children with the fewest caries belonged to the ormocer group (p = 0.010) compared to the compomer group. Conclusion: Children with ormocer as a pit and fissure sealant showed good retention, remarkable marginal integrity, absence of wear, and fewer dental caries compared to compomer sealants. Hence, ormocer-based sealants can be used in pediatric dental practice to protect children's oral hygiene and promote a healthy lifestyle.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the clinical and radiographic success of NeoPUTTY® and Biodentine™ as indirect pulp treatment (IPT) materials in primary molars. Materials and methods: This clinical trial was conducted on children aged 5–9 years. Class I carious lesions in primary molars indicated for IPT were divided into two groups—group I, NeoPUTTY®, and group II, Biodentine™. IPC was performed as per the standard protocols. The treated teeth were evaluated for clinical and radiographic success, along with the presence of a dentinal bridge at 6 and 12 months, by three blind examiners independently. All the data were tabulated, and statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Interexaminer reliability was analyzed using Fleiss κ statistics, and it showed “good” agreement. Clinical success was 100% in both groups at 6- and 12-month follow-up, while radiographic success was also 100% at 6-month follow-up for both groups. However, at 12-month follow-up, it was 93.33% for group I and 100% for group II. The difference was statistically nonsignificant. The presence of a dentinal bridge at 12-month follow-up was seen in 86.66% of cases in group I and 100% of cases in group II, but there was no statistical difference observed between them with a p-value of 0.555. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, we conclude that NeoPUTTY® and Biodentine™ are equally effective as IPT agents in primary teeth.

Aim of study: The goal of this paper is to find an association between the staining capacity of dental restorations used in pediatric patients and food items and to develop an optimum model to predict the most informative factor that causes the highest amount of color change through machine learning algorithms. Background: Color changes in restorative materials occur as a result of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, such as the type of restorative material, food items used, polished status of the material, and time interval. Materials and methods: This was an “in vitro study” conducted at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. The study included 200 specimens, that is, 40 in each group A (orange juice), group B (Amul Kool Café), group C (Pepsi), group D (Amul Kesar Milk), and group E (artificial saliva). The materials were glass ionomer cement (GIC), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), microhybrid composite resin, and nanohybrid composite resin. These were further divided into polished and unpolished groups. The optimum modeling of the prediction of color change in materials by different effective factors was done by machine learning decision tree. We applied two algorithms: Chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) and classification and regression tree (CART). In prediction modeling in the decision tree by CHAID and CART, color change is taken as the dependent variable, and group (type of restorative material), food items, time interval, and polished status are taken as independent variables. Results: The various beverages caused significant color variation due to different pigmentation agents. The agent that caused the highest color change was Kool Café. The Kesar Milk had the lowest pigmentation capacity. The greatest color variation was found on Glasionomer FX-II submerged in Pepsi and the least on Ivoclar Te-Econom Plus in Kesar Milk. The mean absolute error for the training dataset in the CART model and CHAID model is 0.379 and 0.332, and for the testing data set, it is 0.398 and 0.333, respectively. Therefore, the prediction of color change by the CHAID model is optimum, and we found that the restorative materials have a maximum predictor importance of 0.86 (86%), time interval 0.07 (7%), food items 0.04 (4%), and polished status has the least importance, that is, 0.03 (3%). Conclusion: The staining capacity of restorative material highly depends on the material itself, the initial time interval, and least on the food items used. Clinical significance: The clinical performance of dental restorations could be affected by various beverages consumed by children. This study thus provides important clinical insights into esthetic dentistry by offering valuable information on long-term color stability and the effect of polishing on common esthetic restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry.

Background: A paradigm shift from surgical to medical approach for caries management has popularized silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a preventive and interim caries arrest medicament. Few studies conducted have explored the effect of curing light on SDF's microbial property, its penetration, and effect on dentin. However, there is a research gap regarding the effect of different intensities of curing light on SDF performance. Aim: To determine the effect of different curing light intensities on SDF penetration depth and dentin hardness in carious lesions of primary molars. Materials and methods: Silver diamine fluoride was applied on 30 extracted carious primary molars. Teeth were randomly allocated into three groups—(1) control group, no light curing after application of SDF; (2) light curing of SDF with low intensity (1000 mW/cm²); and (3) light curing of SDF with high intensity (2500 mW/cm²). A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis was performed to check ion penetration after 1 week, and a Vickers hardness test was used to assess dentin hardness of both infected and affected dentin layers at 1-week and 1-month intervals. Based on the distribution of data, parametric and nonparametric tests were applied. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 was used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Silver diamine fluoride penetrated beyond the carious lesion in all three groups. The mean silver ion precipitation in infected dentin in group III (16.90 ± 0.68) was maximum, whereas it was found to be minimum in group II (7.31 ± 0.63). The mean fluoride ion precipitation in affected dentin in group III (4.06 ± 0.41) was highest and least in group II (3.09 ± 0.58). A considerable increase in mean dentin hardness of infected dentin was observed in all three groups (214.00 ± 89.06, 218.00 ± 75.17, 231.00 ± 98.86, respectively; p < 0.001) after 1 month. Conclusion: Applying SDF to carious lesions using a high-intensity dental curing light induced more silver ion precipitation in infected dentin and increased its hardness.

Aim: Dental caries is a prevalent chronic disease affecting children worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the association between dental caries and salivary levels of vitamin D and vitamin C in children. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted at RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates, in children between the ages of 4 and 12 years, with a sample of 60 children divided into study and control groups based on the presence or absence of dental caries. Saliva samples were collected, and levels of vitamin D and vitamin C were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29. Results: The results showed that children without dental caries had higher salivary vitamin D and vitamin C levels compared to those with caries. Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential role of these vitamins in preventing dental caries in children and support the need for public health initiatives promoting optimal oral health through appropriate dietary habits and sun exposure. Clinical significance: The clinical significance of the study lies in its potential to inform preventive strategies and improve oral health outcomes in children. By recognizing the association between salivary vitamin levels and dental caries, healthcare professionals can take proactive steps to promote better oral health and overall well-being in children worldwide.

Background: Graduates of the Bachelor of Dental Surgery program meet the qualifications set by Saudi universities and pass the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties License Examination to practice dentistry. However, ambiguity persists concerning their preparedness for private dentistry. This study explored how dental graduates perceive their readiness to operate in the private sector. Materials and methods: A qualitative study was conducted by interviewing dental graduates from different dental schools across Saudi Arabia using a semistructured interview guide with convenience sampling until thematic saturation was achieved. All interviews were verbatim transcribed and analyzed manually by two researchers working independently using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach. Results: A total of 35 participants from Saudi dental schools across five distinct regions (North, South, East, West, and Central) were included in the study. Data analysis revealed four prominent themes believed to influence participants’ readiness for private practice: (1) communication skills—concerns regarding proficiency in areas crucial for ensuring patient satisfaction, (2) technical management skills—uncertainty in aspects such as practice setup and dental insurance, (3) pedagogical curriculum design—primarily tailored to public sector roles, and (4) legal and ethical issues—concerns about legal and ethical issues intrinsic to dental practice. Conclusion: The transition of Saudi dental graduates into private practice is influenced by multiple obstacles, encompassing factors related to their knowledge and skills in patient communication, technical management, education curriculum design, and familiarity with legal intricacies. Clinical significance: Exploring dental graduates’ perceptions in relation to private practice is clinically significant as it highlights specific areas, including communication skills, where effective communication with both children and parents is paramount in private dentistry; technical management; curriculum adaptation; and legal/ethical awareness, where targeted interventions can enhance the quality and safety of dental care provided in private practice. These insights can lead to improvements in dental education and practice management, ultimately benefiting both dentists and patients in the private dental sector.

Aim and objective: To evaluate the pretreatment cephalometric records on the dental, skeletal, soft tissue, and incisor relationship with a twin block functional appliance in class II malocclusion patients in and around Mahe; evaluate the posttreatment cephalometric records on the dental, skeletal, soft tissue, and incisor relationship with a twin block functional appliance in class II malocclusion patients in these children; and to compare cephalometrically certain dental, skeletal, and soft tissue points in pretreatment and posttreatment cephalograms in them. Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 20 class II patients in the mixed dentition period, who were treated with twin block therapy. Each had to meet the following criteria—(1) skeletal class II malocclusion with retrognathic mandible; (2) full cusp class II molar relationship; and (3) an angle of ANB of 50 or greater at the start of treatment. All patients wore the appliance 24 hours/day. The pretreatment cephalometric head films for the group were taken using standard cephalometric X-ray equipment. The length of time required to achieve a class I molar relationship was assessed. Appointments during the twin block phase were scheduled at intervals of 8 weeks. Lateral head films were obtained again at the posttreatment follow-up stage. Results: There was a significant increase in effective mandibular length, ramus height, SNB, ANB, overjet, overbite, and I to NA (mm and degrees) after twin block therapy. The maxillary incisor position showed a decrease in its value by 4° in five cases. Conclusion: Thus, in the present study, evidence of skeletal and dentoalveolar changes leading to the correction of class II division 1 malocclusion with the twin block functional appliance has been established. However, further studies with a longer period of follow-up and a larger sample are required to substantiate the results of the present investigation.

Background: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is one of the most common developmental disturbances that dental practitioners encounter, which may influence the child's quality of life and can impact their future dental health. Aim: To determine prevalence and treatment needs of MIH in children of Lucknow. Materials and methods: A total of 800 children aged 7 to 9 years were clinically screened for the presence of MIH. All demographic details were filled in by the examiner in communication with the parents, and examination was performed using the Würzburg MIH concept. Results: The overall prevalence of MIH in the children examined was 5.12%. A higher prevalence was found in males (7%) than in females (3.25%). The distribution of MIH was higher in the mandibular arch than in the maxillary arch. Mandibular molars were the most affected teeth, followed by maxillary incisors, and the least affected teeth were maxillary molars. On the basis of severity, 55.14% of teeth with MIH had no breakdown or hypersensitivity followed by 30.14% of teeth with hypersensitivity but no breakdown, and 7.35% of teeth had both hypersensitivity and breakdown. Based on severity, in 39.70% of teeth, the intervention suggested was fluoridated toothpaste, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) remineralizing agent, and varnish application. This was followed by the application of sealants and low-viscosity glass ionomer cement (GIC) in 38.97% of teeth, and in 7.35% of teeth, short- and long-term restorations, including stainless steel crown (SSC), were recommended. Conclusion: Prevalence of 5.12% was observed in children of Lucknow city. The characteristics of MIH defects were predictive of the treatment of the affected first permanent molars and incisors and can guide their management.

Background: Dental fear and anxiety (DFA) is a common, deterring problem affecting children, which has a significant negative impact on children's oral health, leading to avoidance of dental care, poor dental hygiene, and an increased risk of dental caries and other oral health problems. The Oddbods DFA assessment is an innovative, child-friendly instrument that has been developed to assess DFA in children. Aim: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the scale, and to examine the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and criterion and construct validity of the scale. Materials and methods: This study has assessed the reliability, criterion validity, and construct validity of the novel Oddbods anxiety assessment scale among 4–6-year-old children. Different samples were recruited to assess different criteria. A normative study was done to assess the distribution of age of the children according to anxiety levels. For assessing the test's retest reliability statistically, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 23.0, Cronbach's α, interclass correlation coefficient, and t-test were used. For evaluating the criterion validity, the Spearman correlation coefficient was used. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) test was used in an exploratory factor analysis to determine whether the sample size was sufficient for the factor analysis. Results: The scale had a high positive correlation with the modified child dental anxiety scale (MCDAS), which is considered a gold standard, and a higher Cronbach's α value, which proved its internal consistency. It also showed a significant difference between anxious and nonanxious children, but there were no differences in the scores with respect to age. Conclusion: The present scale proved to be a very effective tool for assessing DFA among young children. Clinical significance: It is important to identify children at risk of dental anxiety. This scale helps to follow-up on children for their innate DFA, evaluate the efficacy of dental anxiety interventions, enhance communication, and improve access to dental care by encouraging children to seek dental care without fear or hesitation, promoting preventive care and better oral health outcomes.

Aims and background: To evaluate and compare pain perception with Septoject XL and conventional needles in 6–8 years old children. Materials and methods: In this split-mouth randomized controlled trial, a single-blinded study, 24 children (6–8 years) were assigned at random to receive the local anesthetic (LA) injection for treatment needs either with Septoject XL or conventional needle for the first visit in one of the quadrants, while during the second visit in a different quadrant with the other one. Children's pain levels were assessed during each visit using an objective sound eye motor (SEM) scale and subjective Wong–Baker faces rating scale (FRS). Results: The mean objective score rating using SEM for the conventional needle (3.8 ± 2.35) and Septoject XL needle (3.3 ± 2.01) was not found to be statistically significant among the two study groups Septoject XL or conventional needle (Z score—0.996, p = 0.3). Using the Wilcoxon test, the mean subjective rating score was not found to be statistically significant among the two study groups [Z score = 0.636 and p-value = 0.524, nonsignificant (NS)]. In the gender-wise comparison of male (n =15), (6.8667 ± 91548) and female (n = 9), (6.8889 ± 1.05409), NS mean ages of male and female study participants was observed (p = 0.873). Conclusion: Statistically, NS difference was observed in the pain perception while administration of LA using Septoject XL or conventional needle in 6–8-year-old children. Clinical significance: This research can be useful in the selection of the gauge of the needle to be used while planning the treatment for different behavior groups.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the effect of fruit juice (orange) and cola drink (noncarbonated) on the surface texture of composite (3M ESPE Filtek Bulk Fill) and glass ionomer cement (GIC) (ChemFil Superior). Materials and methods: A total of eighty pellets each were prepared with composite (3M ESPE Filtek Bulk Fill) and GIC (ChemFil Superior) material using a brass mold with an inner diameter of 3 mm and a thickness of 3 mm according to the manufacturer's instructions. Around 10 pellets of each material were placed in airtight plastic containers. The baseline surface texture value was obtained by profilometer. An 8-day immersion regime was carried out according to Maupome et al. After the 8-day test period, pellets were reevaluated for surface texture final value. The values were statistically analyzed. Results: A statistically significant lower surface roughness of composite restorative material was observed when treated with high-concentration orange juice and medium-concentration. Conversely, a statistically significant lower surface roughness of GIC restorative material was observed when it was treated with the low-concentration group, high-concentration orange juice, and medium-concentration orange juice. Conclusion: The surface roughness patterns of restorative materials increased as the number of immersion regimes increased.

Among the vast categorization of gingival lesions and overgrowths, the term “reactive hyperplastic lesions” is used to describe certain pathologies reactionary to underlying systemic conditions, local irritants, or trauma. It is emphasized in the literature that treatment planning for all such pathologies includes surgical excision by one means or another. However, an exception is to be made in cases where adhering to the conventional method can be very difficult but at the same time prove favorable for the patient. The present case report aims to showcase an unusual case of localized inflammatory gingival hyperplasia mimicking a reactive pyogenic granuloma in an 11-year-old boy with cerebral palsy. The management and the outcome miraculously favored the nonsurgical approach in dealing with such a gingival lesion.

Class II malocclusion is the most common issue encountered in orthodontic practice. Myofunctional appliances are the most effective treatment option for skeletal class II malocclusion in growing age. Twin block is the most commonly used removable functional appliance, although its success is dependent upon patient compliance. The aim of this article is to present an effective modification of the conventional twin block appliance that can be used as an alternative to the fixed functional appliance in noncompliant skeletal class II patients with mandibular retrusion.

Aim and background: The quad helix is well known for its ability to treat posterior crossbites in children with maxillary deficiency. A few authors have also used it for the treatment of unilateral crossbite due to unilateral maxillary deficiency by incorporating modifications in the appliance. The aim was to treat a unilateral crossbite using a newly modified quad helix. Case description: An 8-year-old female patient had presented with multiple missing teeth and a unilateral posterior crossbite due to an asymmetric maxillary arch. The amount of unilateral asymmetry was measured using a unique method over the cast. A modified quad helix was cemented to treat the unilateral posterior crossbite, and correction was obtained in 30 days. A Nance palatal arch was cemented which functioned as a space maintainer and a retention appliance. Conclusion: The posterior unilateral crossbite was treated successfully with the modified quad helix. Clinical significance: This article highlights a new modification of the quad helix for treating unilateral posterior crossbite and a new method of measuring maxillary asymmetry. The modification has been termed as a “bi helix” since it eliminates two helices from the classic quad helix design.

The oral hamartoma is a unique presentation of head and neck tumors with nonspecific etiology and atypical histopathological presentation. Oral hamartomas generally present as smooth, painless, pinkish masses, histologically comprising neural and vascular components intermingled in connective tissue stroma. The presence of a neurovascular hamartoma (NVH) within the oral cavity is truly a rare entity, scarcely reported in the literature. These tumors are difficult to diagnose and are most commonly benign with good prognosis and clinical outcome. Here, we present a case of oral NVH of the palate in a pediatric patient.

Background: Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS) in the post-coronavirus disease (COVID) scenario is recognized in the pediatric population worldwide. However, no case report features jaw bone necrosis caused by self-mutilating injury noted during COVID treatment. Case description: This report is of a 5-year-old child affected by COVID. During the course of treatment, she presented with MIS and was treated with steroids and oxygen therapy. She was observed to have cardiac and gastrointestinal disorders. However, some psychiatric impairment caused her to pull out her lower anterior teeth, thus acting as an injury to the tissue and causing osteomyelitis. This necrotic bone tissue was excised surgically, and due to the loss of teeth, prosthetic rehabilitation was performed for the patient. Conclusion: This unique presentation of post-COVID manifestations of self-mutilating injury is alarming for the pediatric population.

Advances in nanotechnology have been changing the face of dentistry with their diverse range of dental applications. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a relatively new breakthrough in dentistry. Aim: The main objective of this paper is to discuss the current progress in the field of dentistry and highlight the aspects regarding silver nanoparticle incorporation, emphasizing the properties, applications, and advantages of nanosilver fluoride (NSF) that it brings to dentistry. Materials and methods: An extensive electronic scientific search was conducted on published articles in various databases, such as Medline (PubMed), CENTRAL (Cochrane), Scopus, and Web of Science, using the search terms AgNPs, nano dentistry, caries prevention, and oral health. Further brief communications, randomized controlled trials (RCT), in vitro research, and animal studies written in English were also considered. Case reports, editorial reviews, and opinion letters were excluded from the first phase of our research. Results: Pertaining to various kinds of literature reviews in journals, around 345 articles were retrieved. After screening, about 28 articles met all the selection criteria, focusing on NSF for the contemporary management of dental caries, emphasizing microinvasive therapeutic methods that can successfully halt the progression of caries at the initial level and minimize the loss of sound tooth structure. Conclusion: Due to its exceptional properties and wide range of clinical applications, AgNPs incorporated in fluoride may be employed as an effective, affordable, and improved anticaries agent that brings about superior enhancements in the fields of orthodontics, restorative dentistry, and pediatric and preventive dentistry.

To determine the pain prevalence and severity of flare-ups associated with before, during, and after pulpectomy procedure in children through systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain associated with root canal is a crucial source of fear for patients (especially child patients) and an important concern of dentists. Pain experienced at pretreatment, during treatment, and posttreatment is foreseen and recalled by child patients. A hand search of relevant journals and defined searching of Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, and EBSCOhost databases identified 2,635 articles reporting flare-ups at different intervals. After further filtering and applying inclusion criteria, three articles were identified for meta-analysis. From three recognized articles in the pretreatment phase, 51.2% of cases reported flare-ups; during treatment, there were 19.8% of cases; and in the posttreatment phase, 100% success rate was seen (i.e., no flares were present). The three included studies were heterogeneous according to I² and τ² statistics (p <0.001, I² = 92.64). Pretreatment pulpectomy-associated flare-ups were high, then dropped significantly to minimal levels in 3 days (during treatment) and continued to drop to lowest levels in 7 days (posttreatment).

The aims of dental professional courses are to prepare dental healthcare providers to manage common dental diseases, perform surgeries, and offer prevention. They should also be equipped to understand the needs of the society they are serving and willing to amend their skills. As they are expected to be a part of a team providing health care, they should have the requisite leadership and managerial skills for leading the team to serve its objectives in the best possible way. Thus, with changing times, there is a need to bring reforms in dental curricula. Traditional classroom teaching is now shifting to a competency-based education system across the globe. The Dental Council of India (DCI), as a dental health regulator in the country, implements reforms periodically in an attempt to further strengthen the training process and bring quality improvement in dental education. A process of redesigning the curriculum started a couple of years ago. The technical team supporting this work brainstormed the need for such reforms and studied the existing pattern of undergraduate curricula in other developed countries. It was found that many countries are following outcome-based teaching-learning methods. There are several institutions and professional associations proposing recommendations on curricular reforms, and India also suggests following the same. The new education policy (NEP) of the Government of India (GoI) is also in sync with the changes proposed to the DCI. Though such changes are challenging and require time to strategize and implement, it is essential to have reforms in curriculum, especially related to methods of teaching-learning and assessment, and for this, the dental faculty needs to be trained.