The aim of this in vitro study is to compare the coronal microleakage of three common temporary restorative materials, namely Coltosol, Compoglass, and Zonalin, used in pediatric dentistry after endodontic treatment at different time intervals (1 week, 1, and 2 months) using dye penetration.

Access cavities were prepared in 72 intact extracted premolar teeth. The samples were divided into three groups (n = 24) and filled with Coltosol, Compoglass, or Zonalin. After thermal cycling for 500 cycles (5–55°C), the teeth were immersed in 1% methylene blue dye at 37°C for 1 week (n = 8), 1 month (n = 8), and 2 months (n = 8). The samples were sectioned buccolingually, and the linear depth of dye penetration was measured using a stereomicroscope at 16 × magnification. The data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis test.

There were no significant differences in the microleakage values of Coltosol and Zonalin or Zonalin and Compoglass groups at 1 week (p > 0.05) or 1 month (p > 0.05) intervals, but a significant difference was noted between Coltosol and Compoglass groups (p < 0.01); Coltosol provided a more favorable coronal seal. No significant difference was found among the experimental groups at the 2-month interval (p > 0.05).

At 1 week or 1 month of use, Coltosol showed better coronal seal. At 2 months, there was no significant difference apparent between the groups. A longer time lapse was associated with an increased likelihood of microleakage.

Milani S, Seraj B, Heidari A, Mirdamadi A, Shahrabi M. Coronal Sealing Capacity of Temporary Restorative Materials in Pediatric Dentistry: A Comparative Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):115-118.

Early childhood caries (ECC) is a virulent form of dental caries that can destroy the primary dentition of toddlers and preschool children. The aim was to determine the relationship of feeding methods and oral Streptococcus mutans count in 3- to 5-year-old children with ECC.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in children aged 3 to 5 years. Participating mothers were interviewed regarding child's demographic profile, educational level and socioeconomic status of parents, past medical and dental history of the mother and child, child's feeding habits, and dietary habits and oral hygiene practices of mother and child. Clinical examination for dental caries was done using the World Health Organization criteria (1997). Salivary samples of mother–child pair were collected to determine the pH, flow rate, and S. mutans count. Statistical tests, such as Student's t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation were applied.

Out of 150 mother–child pair, statistically significant difference in the caries experience was found between mothers and children with high and low S. mutans count. Moderate but statistically significant negative correlation was found between mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth of mothers and mean decayed, extracted and filled teeth (deft) of children with high S. mutans count. Regarding deft, there was no statistically significant difference between children who were exclusively breast fed (7.85 ± 2.94), exclusively bottle-fed (8.67 ± 3.98), and both breast and bottle-fed (7.77 ± 2.91).

The mean caries experience of mothers and children was 2.66 ± 2.01 and 7.82 ± 2.94 respectively, with decayed component being maximum. Moderate and significant correlation (r = 0.5) was found between S. mutans of mothers and children in saliva. Significant negative correlation was found between mothers and children with high S. mutans count (r = –0.0284; p = 0.046).

Bullappa D, Puranik MP, Sowmya KR, Nagarathnamma T. Association of Feeding Methods and Streptococcus mutans Count with Early Childhood Caries: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):119-125.

Early childhood caries discloses a distinct clinical pattern, and the teeth most often involved are the maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, and the maxillary and mandibular first molars. The maxillary incisors are most severely affected, with deep carious lesions usually involving the pulp. Teeth that have been endodontically treated often have little coronal tooth tissue remaining and as such require a post to retain the core and restoration .This study evaluated and compared the efficacy of EverStick glass fiber-reinforced composite post with ParaPost Taper Lux in primary maxillary anterior teeth.

An in vivo study was conducted to evaluate and compare the longevity and failures of two fiber post systems in primary maxillary anterior teeth.

A total of 60 severely mutilated primary maxillary anterior teeth from children aged 3 to 5 years were selected according to the inclusion criteria. These teeth were treated endodontically and were randomly assigned into two groups with 30 samples in each group, group I: EverStick glass fiber-reinforced composite post, group II: ParaPost Taper Lux post. The evaluation of dislodgment of posts, secondary caries, root fracture, and post fracture was carried out clinically and radiographically during every follow-up at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months interval.

Statistical tests (Chi-square test, Fisher's exact probability test) suggested that dislodgment of the posts was significant between the two groups at 6, 9, and 12 months follow-ups. But within the group during subsequent follow-up intervals, dislodgment of posts as a mode of failure was not statistically significant. However, clinically failures were seen in both the study groups.

Fiber post system has proved to be successful clinically in both primary and permanent teeth due to the monoblock effect with luting agent, post system, core material, and bonding to dentin. Thus, today the EverStick glass fiber post system provides a novel way of fabricating cost-effective and less time-consuming custom-made post in treating mutilated maxillary anteriors.

Sawant A, Chunawalla Y, Morawala A, Kanchan NS, Jain K, Talathi R. Evaluation of Novel Glass Fiber-reinforced Composite Technique for Primary Anterior Teeth with Deep Carious Lesions: A 12-month Clinical Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):126-130.

The aim of the present in vitro study is to evaluate and compare antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available child's dental formulas in reduced concentrations containing different forms of fluoride against Streptococcus mutans activity.

The selected dentifrices were prepared in dilutions of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, and 1:16 using sterile pyrogen-free distilled water. Various dilutions of the selected toothpaste slurries were incubated in the agar plate containing pure strains of S. mutans, and antimicrobial activity of each was assessed by measuring the diameter of zones of inhibition (in mm). Agar well plate diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination were the methods used in this study. The inhibitory circle of each dentifrice was measured and MIC was achieved by considering the value of diameter of the circle.

The results of the study showed that even at a lower concentration of fluoride, inhibition halos were obtained for all the formulations at different dilutions.

The kid's formulations having lower fluoride concentration show antimicrobial activity even after dilutions. Thus, commercially, the fluoride concentrations can be further lowered down in the dentifrices, thereby reducing the risk associated with fluoride.

Malhotra R, Singla S, Shashikiran ND. Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Child Formula Dentifrices at different Concentrations: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):131-135.

The quality of the coronal seal of root canal filling material is important for periapical health. Absorption of water or saliva by the temporary restorative materials leads to dimensional changes, loss of retention, staining and breaking in margin contours. Hence this study was carried out to evaluate and compare the sealing properties, water absorption and solubility of IRM (intermediate restorative material), Cavit G and GC Caviton.

Experimental, in vitro intergroup randomized control trial.

36 non carious premolars were randomly selected assigned to three groups, 12 teeth in each. Standard endodontic access cavities of approximately 4×4mm wide were prepared followed by the root canal obturation with Gutta-percha and restoration with experimental materials. For microleakage testing dye penetration method was used with 2% methylene blue dye. Followed by evaluation and scoring under stereomicroscope at 40x magnification.

Disc shaped 12 specimens for each group were prepared for each material, stored in desiccator at 37° C, weighed daily to verify mass stabilization (dry mass,m1). Thereafter, the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 7days to obtain the mass after saturation with water (m2). The specimens were placed in the desiccators again, at 37° C, and reweighed until a constant dry mass is obtained (m3). Water absorption (WS) and solubility (SL) was determined by using the formulas, WS = m3 - m2/V and SL= m1 - m3/ V.

GC Caviton showed least microleakage and least water absorption followed by IRM and Cavit G, the differences were statistically highly significant (p < 0.001) and there was no statistical difference found in all the groups with respect to solubility.

GC Caviton is best and suitable temporary restorative material in endodontic interappointments followed by IRM and Cavit G

Prabhakar AR, Rani NS, Naik SV. Comparative Evaluation of Sealing Ability, Water Absorption, and Solubility of Three Temporary Restorative Materials: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):136-141.

To assess the level of vitamin B₁₂ and correlate it with dental caries [decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) score] and gingival diseases [plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI)].

Healthy children according to the inclusion criteria were selected by the computerized randomization method from a school to assess the vitamin B₁₂ levels using Centaur/Versace machine.

Blood samples were collected to assess vitamin B₁₂ levels using automated analyzer. Oral examination was done by a single calibrated dentist. A thorough oral examination was carried out and the DMFT, PI, and GI scores of all the children were recorded and assessed. Data were analyzed using Karl Pearson's correlation test.

Vitamin B₁₂ levels were deficient in 64% of the children. In boys, vitamin B₁₂ deficiency was found in about 76.2%, whereas, in girls it was 57.1%, which was not statistically significant. The vitamin B₁₂ deficient children showed a significantly high DMFT scores than the children with normal vitamin B₁₂ levels. The Pearson's correlation was –0.614 for DMFT, PI value –0.663, and GI value of –0.477. The negative correlation stated that there was a reverse relation between these indices and vitamin B₁₂.

In children with systemic vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, there is increased dental caries prevalence and associated gingival problems.

Hugar SM, Dhariwal NS, Majeed A, Badakar C, Gokhale N, Mistry L. Assessment of Vitamin B₁₂ and Its Correlation with Dental Caries and Gingival Diseases in 10- to 14-year-old Children: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):142-146.

Formocresol has been a popular pulpotomy medicament for many years. It is considered the “gold standard” in pediatric dentistry. However, concerns have been raised over its use in children. It has been reported that formocresol has toxic and mutagenic effects in cell culture, dental crypts, and precancerous epithelial cells. Therefore, additional biocompatible treatment alternatives are required to replace formocresol pulpotomy.

This study compared the clinical and radiographic success rates of ferric sulfate (FS) and bioactive tricalcium silicate cement (Biodentine, Septodont) as pulpotomy agents in primary molar teeth over a period of 9 months.

Fifty primary molar teeth, symptom free, requiring pulpotomy in children aged 4 to 8 years were treated with conventional pulpotomy procedures. Ferric sulfate 15.5% solution (applied for 15 second for 25 teeth) and Biodentine (for 25 teeth) were used as pulpotomy agents. Permanent restorations were stainless steel crowns in most cases, in both groups. Patients were recalled for follow-up at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months intervals. The data were statistically analysed using chi-square test.

At 9 months, 96% clinical success rate was observed in the FS and 100% in the Biodentine group. Radiographic success rate in the FS group was 84%, whereas 92% in the Biodentine group at 9 months. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups.

Biodentine can be used as a pulpotomy agent but further long-term studies are required.

Sirohi K, Marwaha M, Gupta A, Bansal K, Srivastava A. Comparison of Clinical and Radiographic Success Rates of Pulpotomy in Primary Molars using Ferric Sulfate and Bioactive Tricalcium Silicate Cement: An in vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):147-151.

This study evaluated the in vitro antibacterial effects of the formulated Punica granatum (PG) gel against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Lactobacillus casei.

The PG extract was dissolved in water at 500 mg/mL. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for identification and quantification of chemical marker punicalagin. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill assay (TKA) were investigated. Antibacterial activities of the formulated PG gel, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel and blank gel were tested by measuring the zones of inhibition through agar well diffusion method.

The HPLC results showed presence of punicalagin at 2023.58 ± 25.29 μg/mL in the aqueous PG extract and at 0.234% (w/w) in the formulated PG gel. The MBC for S. mutans, S. Sanguinis, and L. casei were 250, 125, and 500 mg/mL respectively. The TKA of 500 mg/mL aqueous PG extract showed total inhibition of S. mutans, S. Sanguinis, and L. casei at 6, 1, and 24 hours contact time respectively. Agar well diffusion revealed that for S. mutans, CHX gel > PG gel > blank gel; for S. sanguinis, CHX gel = PG gel > blank gel; for L. casei, CHX gel > PG gel = blank gel. Comparison of the PG gel potency showed that S. sanguinis = S. mutans > L. casei.

The PG gel equivalent to 0.234% punicalagin (w/w) inhibited S. mutans and S. sanguinis but not L. casei within 24 hours incubation period and has the potential to be used for caries prevention.

Millo G, Juntavee A, Ratanathongkam A, Nualkaew N, Peerapattana J, Chatchiwiwattana S. Antibacterial Inhibitory Effects of Punica Granatum Gel on Cariogenic Bacteria: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):152-157.

Khinda VIS, Kaur G, Brar GS, Kallar S, Khurana H. Clinical and Practical Implications of Storage Media used for Tooth Avulsion. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):158-165.

Gandhi K, Datta G, Ahuja S, Saxena T, Datta AG. Prevalence of Oral Complications occurring in a Population of Pediatric Cancer Patients receiving Chemotherapy. Int Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):166-171.

Dental caries and trauma are the most common oral health problems for many decades. There is need for prevalence data to analyze the nature of the problems and to take necessary steps in improving public health.

To assess the prevalence of dental caries and traumatic dental injuries among schoolchildren of age 6 to 12 years in Bhopal city.

Cross-sectional study design was selected. Universal sampling method was followed in this study.

A total of 1,204 children were examined. The distribution of samples was done based on age, gender, residing area, and type of school.

Data were collected and statistically evaluated under chi-square test and analysis of variance.

The overall caries experience (73.17%) was found to be higher than that of traumatic injury experience (20.9%). There was age-related correlation between age and decay, missing, and filled teeth score.

Since most injuries occur at home or at school, educating the individual is the key that will have a great impact on the prognosis of traumatic injuries. Also good food habits need to be instilled in children from a tender age with the help of parents, which is the ultimate solution to fight caries.

Maran S, Shashikiran ND, Ahirwar P, Maran P, Kannojiya PR, Niranjan B. Prevalence of Dental Caries and Traumatic Dental Injuries among 6- to 12-year-old Children in Bhopal City, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):172-176.

To measure the prevalence of anterior teeth trauma in 9- to 14-year-old schoolchildren and their association with predisposing factors, such as lip competence, molar relationship, overjet, and variables, such as age, gender, and cause of trauma.

Epidemiological cross-sectional study was carried out among 3,012 schoolchildren aged 9 to 14 years in Navi Mumbai (Kharghar-Belapur region). The sample size was derived using the stratified random sampling method; we picked six schools from the region. These schools had 3,000 students in the acceptable age group of the study which constituted our final sample size. All children were examined for traumatic dental injuries, and the children with positive findings were further examined for lip competence, Angle's molar relationship, and overjet. The results were statistically analyzed using cross-tabulation and Chi-square test.

The prevalence of dental injuries was 7.3%, and the ratio of male to female children was found to be 1.6:1. The maximum number of traumatic dental injuries was found with class I molar relationship and overjet less than 3.5 mm in children with competent lips. Maximum number of injuries occurred in the age group of 13–14 years. The most predominant type of injury was the enamel fracture and the most common cause determined was due to fall.

The present study is a collection of data on traumatic injuries to anterior teeth, which is seen very commonly in day-to-day practice. The frequency and cause of traumatic injuries to anterior teeth is important for identification of risk groups, treatment needs, and cost involved in order for establishing effective preventive measures.

Hegde R, Agrawal G. Prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injuries to the Permanent Anterior Teeth among 9- to 14-year-old Schoolchildren of Navi Mumbai (Kharghar-Belapur Region), India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):177-182.

To assess the prevalence, distribution, and associated risk factors of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) among 12- to 36-month-old children of district Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh, India.

The present study was conducted on a random sample of 510 children, both boys and girls, between 12 and 36 months of age randomly selected from various government-sponsored day-care centers, private day-care centers, and vaccination centers. Caries was recorded using World Health Organization criteria. Statistical analysis was done by using chi-square test and Mann–Whitney test. A two-sided p value was calculated for each statistical test. Multiple logistic regressions were done to calculate the risk of S-ECC from independent variables.

In the present study, S-ECC was found in 21% of 510, 12 to 36 months old children of Sirmaur district, Himachal Pradesh. The S-ECC was found to be significantly higher in 25 to 36 months old children's age group and was 27.8% in them as compared with 8% in 12 to 24 months old children.

Providing anticipatory guidance and education to parents is essential for the promotion of optimal oral health of their children. There is a need for moving upstream to propose and implement policies and programs to improve the oral health of the very young, especially in a developing country like India, which lacks much data on S-ECC.

Mangla RG, Kapur R, Dhindsa A, Madan M. Prevalence and associated Risk Factors of Severe Early Childhood Caries in 12- to 36-month-old Children of Sirmaur District, Himachal Pradesh, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):183-187.

Kumar G, Rehman F, Chaturvedy V. Soft Tissue Applications of Er,Cr:YSGG Laser in Pediatric Dentistry. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):188-192.

This study highlights the importance of a deep and comprehensive anamnesis and clinical examination, with radiographs taken when necessary. The negligence of these stages in an initial consultation could cause irreversible future damage to the patient, since rare dental anomalies or other lesions that require treatment may not be detected.

Brandão ECB, Ribeiro AA, Seabra LMA. Rare Condition of Dens Invaginatus in a Maxillary Primary Molar and a Birooted Maxillary Primary Canine diagnosed during Routine Examination. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):193-195.

Patil RU, Anegundi RT, Gujjar KR, Indushekar KR. Childhood Occurrence of Pemphigus. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):196-200.

The aim of this study is to present a case of large maxillary median diastema closed by bodily movement of central incisors using Bapat power arm (BPA).

After extraction of mesiodens, a power chain with a force of 120 gm was applied to BPA ligated to preadjusted edgewise brackets bonded to maxillary central incisors to move them over round steel wire for closure of resultant diastema. Bonded retainer was placed after the closure of median diastema.

The median diastema was completely closed in 5 months period with almost bodily movement of incisors, which was confirmed by periapical X-ray.

Bapat power arm was efficient in closing diastema without any discomfort or injury and was well accepted by the patient.

Bapat SM, Singh C, Bandejiya P. Closing a Large Maxillary Median Diastema using Bapat Power Arm. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):201-204.

Mukherjee CG, Mukherjee U, Bansal A, Jha A. A Misdiagnosed Odontogenic Tumor: A Clinical Dilemma. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):205-207.

Goswami M, Jangra B. A Rare Concomitant Occurrence of Talon Cusp in Fused Mandibular Permanent Teeth: Report of Two Cases. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):208-212.

To report a rare case of large radicular cyst-associated deciduous tooth and to discuss the importance of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in diagnosing the condition.

Radicular cyst is the most common cyst affecting the permanent teeth, but its occurrence in deciduous teeth is rare. Most of the radicular cysts are asymptomatic and are discovered accidentally when radiographs are taken. Conventional radiographs show two-dimensional images of three-dimensional objects. Cone beam computed tomography provides undistorted three-dimensional information of hard tissues and gives adequate spatial resolution.

A 7-year-old child, with a complaint of swelling in the maxillary anterior region, was diagnosed with radicular cyst in relation to primary maxillary right central incisor based on CBCT and histopathological features.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of radicular cyst in primary dentition is important to prevent damage to permanent tooth.

Mahesh BS, Shastry SP, Murthy PS, Jyotsna TR. Role of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Evaluation of Radicular Cyst mimicking Dentigerous Cyst in a 7-year-old Child: A Case Report and Literature Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):213-216.

Satish V, Panda S, Maganur P, Ahmed A. Multiple Bilateral Unerupted Supplemental Premolars: An Unusual Presentation in a Nonsyndromic Patient. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):217-222.