International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry

Register      Login

VOLUME 10 , ISSUE 3 ( July-September, 2017 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Effect of Dentin Disinfection with 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate and 0.3% Iodine on Dentin Bond Strength: An in vitro Study

Nelamakanahalli K Suma

Citation Information : Suma NK. Effect of Dentin Disinfection with 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate and 0.3% Iodine on Dentin Bond Strength: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017; 10 (3):223-228.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1440

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 01-08-2012

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2017; The Author(s).


Abstract

Objective: Cavity preparation is a surgical procedure that attempts to remove all infected dentin.1 Bacteria left beneath the filling material is greatest threat to the pulp. To reduce the potential for residual caries development and sensitivity, an antibacterial solution with the ability to disinfect the prepared tooth surface would be of help.2 So this study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effect of dentin disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (Consepsis) and 0.3% iodine (Ora5) on shear bond strength (SBS) of self-etch adhesives to dentin. Materials and methods: Buccal surfaces of 36 caries-free permanent third molars were ground to expose dentin. All specimens were mounted on acrylic block, divided randomly into three groups, namely group I (control), group II (Consepsis), and group III (Ora5). After the application of cavity disinfectant and bonding procedures as per manufacturer's instructions, composite cylinders were built. Then SBS was measured using universal testing machine. Results: Statistical analysis of the measurements were made using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), which showed that when cavity disinfectants (Consepsis and Ora5) were used there was significant reduction in SBS of composite to dentin when compared with that of control group. Interpretation and conclusion: The results indicate that the use of commercially available cavity disinfectants, Consepsis containing 2% chlorhexidine gluconate and Ora5 containing 0.3% iodine and 0.15% potassium iodide with self-etch adhesive (Adper Prompt), would significantly lower SBS of composite to dentin.


PDF Share
  1. Brackett WW, Tay FR, Brackett MG, Dib A, Sword RJ, Pashley DH. The effect of chlorhexidine on dentin hybrid layers in vivo. Oper Dent 2007 Mar;32(2):107-111.
  2. Carrilho MR, Carvalho RM, de Goes MF, di Hipólito V, Geraldeli S, Tay FR, Pashley DH, Tjäderhane L. Chlorhexidine preserves dentin bond in vitro. J Dent Res 2007 Jan;86(1): 90-94.
  3. Lin S, Levin L, Weiss EI, Peled M, Fuss Z. In vitro antibacterial efficacy of a new chlorhexidine slow release device. Quint Int 2006 May;37(5):391-394.
  4. Takahashi Y, Imazato S, Kaneshiro AV, Ebisu S, Frencken JE, Tay FR. Antibacterial effects and physical properties of glass ionomer containing chlorhexidine for ART approach. Dent Mater 2006 Jul;22(7):647-652.
  5. Türkün M, Ozata F, Uzer E, Ates M. Antibacterial substantivity of cavity disinfectants. Gen Dent 2005 May-June;53: 182-186.
  6. Türkün M, Türkün LS, Kalender A. Effect of cavity disinfectants on the sealing ability of non-rinsing dentin bonding resins. Quint Int 2004 Jun;35(6):469-476.
  7. Rosenthal S, Spångberg L, Safvi K. Chlorhexidine substantivity in root canal dentin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004 Oct;98(4):488-492.
  8. Lin YH, Mickel AK, Chogle S. Effectiveness of selected materials against Enterococcus faecalis: part 3. The antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine on Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2003 Sep;29(9):565-566.
  9. Yap AU, Tan BW, Tay LC, Chang KM, Loy TK, Mok BY. Effect of mouth rinses on microhardness and wear of composite and compomer restoratives. Oper Dent 2003 Nov-Dec;28(6): 740-746.
  10. Tulunoglu O, Ayhan H, Olmez A, Bodur H. The effect of cavity disinfectants on microleakage in dentin bonding systems. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 1998;22:299-305
  11. Turkun M, Turkun L, Ates M. Antibacterial activity of cavity disinfectants. Balkan J Stomatol 2004; 8:1107-1114.
  12. Cao DS, Hollis RA, Christensen RP, Christensen GJ. Effect of tooth disinfecting procedures on dentin shear bond strength [abstract 493].J Dent Res 1995;74:73
  13. Vieira Rde S, da Silva IA Jr. Bond strength to primary tooth dentin following disinfection with chlorhexidine solution – an in vitro study. Pediatr Dent 2003 Jan-Feb;25(1): 49-52.
  14. Gürgan S, Bolay S, Kiremitçi A. Effect of disinfectant application methods on the bond strength of composite to dentin. J Oral Rehabil 1999 Oct;26(10):836-840.
  15. Meiers JC, Kresin JC. Cavity disinfectants and dentin bonding. Oper Dent 1996 Jul-Aug;21(4):153-159.
  16. Pilo R, Cardash HS, Oz-Ari B, Ben-Amar A. Effect of preliminary treatment of the dentin surface on the shear bond strength of resin composite to dentin. Oper Dent 2001 Nov-Dec;26(6): 569-575.
  17. Say EC, Koray F, Tarim B, Soyman M, Gülmez T. In vitro effect of cavity disinfectants on the bond strength of dentin bonding systems. Quint Int 2004 Jan;35(1):56-60.
  18. Türkün, Murat and Ozata, Ferit and Uzer, Esra and Ates, Mustafa. Antimicrobial substantivity of cavity disinfectants. General dentistry.53,182-6
  19. Schaeken MJM, Keltjens HMAM, Van der Hoeven JS. Effect of fluoride and chlorhexidine on the microflora of dental root surfaces and progression of root surfaces caries. J Dent Res 1991;70:150-153.
  20. Andreiotelli M, Att W, Strub JR. Prosthodontic complications with implant overdentures: a systematic literature review. Int J Prosthodont 2010 May-Jun;23(3):195-203.
  21. Arendorf TM, Walker DM. Oral candidal populations in health and disease. Br Dent J 1979 Nov;147(10):267-272.
  22. Slots J, Rams TE, Listgarten MA. Yeasts, enteric rods and pseudomonas in the subgingival flora of severe adult periodontitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1988 Jun;3(2):47-52.
  23. Canabarro A, Valle C, Farias MR, Santos FB, Lazera M, Wanke B. Association of subgingival colonization of C. albicans and other yeasts with severity of chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2013 Aug;48(4):428-432.
  24. Song X, Sun J, Hansen BF, Olsen I. Oral distribution of genera, species and biotypes of yeasts in patients with marginal periodontitis. Microbial Ecol Health Dis 2003 Aug;15(2-3):114-119.
  25. Lyon JP, da Costa SC, Totti VM, Munhoz MF, de Resende MA. Predisposing conditions for Candida spp. carriage in the oral cavity of denture wearers and individuals with natural teeth. Can J Microbiol 2006 May;52(5):462-467.
  26. Järvensivu A. Candida yeasts in chronic periodontitis tissues and subgingival microbial biofilms in vivo. Oral Dis 2004 Mar;10(2):106-112.
  27. Rosenberg ES, Torosian JP, Slots J. Microbial differences in 2 clinically distinct types of failures of osseointegrated implants. Clin Oral Implants Res 1991 Jul-Sep;2(3):135-144.
  28. Mombelli A, Muller N, Cionca N. The epidemiology of periimplantitis. Clin Oral Implants Res 2012;23(Suppl 6):67-76.
  29. Karbach J, Brunner A, Pieter D, Thal SC, Al-Nawas B. Case control study to evaluate the role of Candida, Staphylococcus and Enterococcus species in peri-implant infections in irradiated patients after tumor surgery and non-irradiated patients. Oral Health Dent Manag 2015 Oct;14(5):306-312.
  30. Roberts WE, Turley PK, Brezniak N, et al. Bone physiology and metabolism. Calif Dent Assoc J 1987;15:54-61.
  31. Whittaker JM, James RA, Lozada J, Cordova C, GaRey DJ. Histological response and clinical evaluation of heterograft and allograft materials in the elevation of the maxillary sinus for the preparation of endosteal dental implants sites. Simultaneous sinus elevation and root form implantation: An eight-month autopsy report. J Oral Implantol 1989;15(2):141-44.
  32. Linkow LI, Wagner JR. Management of implant-related problems and infections. J Oral Implantol 1993;19(4): 321-35.
  33. Vassos DM, Petrik PK. The sinus lift procedure: An alternative to the maxillary subperiosteal implant. Pract Periodont Aesth Dent 1992;4:14-19.
  34. Judy KWM. Oral implantology case reports. NYS Dent J 1986;52:24-26.
  35. Wagner JR. A 3½-year clinical evaluation of resorbable hydroxylapatite OsteoGen (HA Resorb) used for sinus lift augmentations in conjunction with the insertion of endosseous implants. J Oral Implantol. 1991;17:152-64.
  36. Wagner JR. A clinical and histological case study using resorbable hydroxylapatite for the repair of osseous defects prior to endosseous implant surgery. J Oral Implantol 1989;15: 186-92.
  37. LeGeros RZ. Calcium phosphates in oral biology and medicine. In: Myers HM (Ed). New York: Karger Press 1991;15.
  38. Fang Y, Agrawal DK, Roy DM. Thermal stability of synthetic hydroxylapatite. In: Brown PW, Constantz B (Eds). Hydroxylapatite and Related Materials. CRC Press: Boca Raton, Fla: 1994:269-82.
  39. Brown WE, Eidelman N, Tomazic B. Octacalcium phosphate as a precursor in biomineral formation. Adv Dent Res 1987;1:306-13.
  40. Urist MR, Dowell TA. The newly deposited mineral in cartilage and bone matrix. Clin Orthopaed Rel Res 1967;50:291-308.
  41. Bonar LC, Roufosse AH, Sabine WK, Grynpas MD, Glimcher MJ. X-ray diffraction studies of the crystallinity of bone mineral in newly synthesized and density fractionated bone. Calcif Tissue Int. 1983;35:202-09.
  42. Roberts JE, Bonar LC, Griffin RG, Glimcher MJ. Characterization of very young mineral phases of bone by solid state phosphorus magic angle sample spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray diffraction. Calcif Tissue Int 1992;50: 42-48.
  43. Lee DD, Landis WJ, Glimcher MJ. The solid, calcium-phosphate mineral phases in embryonic chick bone characterized by highvoltage electron diffraction. J Bone Min Res 1986;1:425-32.
  44. Roberts WE, Turley PK, Brezniak N, Fielder PJ. Bone physiology and metabolism. Calif Dent Assoc J 1987;15:54-61.
  45. Roberts WE. Bone tissue interface. J Dent Educ 1988;52: 804-09.
  46. Brunski JB. Biomechanical factors affecting the bone-dental implant interface. Clin Mat 1992;10:153-201.
  47. Spivak JM, Ricci JL, Blumenthal NC, Alexander H. A new canine model to evaluate the biological response of intramedullary bone to implant materials and surfaces. J Biomed Mat Res 1990;24:1121-49.
  48. Karande V, Levrant S, Hoxsey R, Rinehart J, Gleicher N. Lysis of intrauterine adhesions using gynecoradiologic techniques. Fertil Steril 1997;68:658-62.
  49. Chen FP, Soong YK, Hui YL. Successful treatment of severe uterine synechiae with transcervical resectoscopy combined with laminaria tent. Hum Reprod 1997;12:943-47.
  50. McComb PF, Wagner BL. Simplified therapy for Asherman's syndrome. Fertil Steril 1997;68:1047-50.
  51. Protopapas A, Shushan A, Magos A. Myometrial scoring: A new technique for the management of severe Asherman's syndrome. Fertil Steril 1998;69:860-64.
  52. Coccia ME, Becattini C, Bracco GL, Pampaloni F, Bargelli G, Scarselli G. Pressure lavage under ultrasound guidance: A new approach for outpatient treatment of intrauterine adhesions. Fertil Steril 2001;75:601-06.
  53. Coccia ME, Becattini C, Bracco GL, Bargelli G, Scarselli G. Intraoperative ultrasound guidance for operative hysteroscopy: A prospective study. J Reprod Med 2000;45:413-18.
  54. Polishuk WZ, Weinstein D. The Soichet intrauterine device in the treatment of intrauterine adhesions. Acta Eur Fertil 1976;7:215-18.
  55. March CM. Intrauterine adhesions. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1995;22:491-505.
  56. Amer MI, El Nadim A, Hassanein K. The role of intrauterine balloon after operative hysteroscopy in the prevention of intrauterine adhesion: A prospective controlled study. MEFS J 2005;10:125-29.
  57. Amer MI, Abd-El-Maeboud KH. Amnion graft following hysteroscopic lysis of intrauterine adhesions. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2006;32:559-66.
  58. Burns JW, Skinner K, Colt J, Sheidlin A, Bronson R, Yaacobi Y, Goldberg EP. Prevention of tissue injury and postsurgical adhesions by precoating tissues with hyaluronic acid solutions. J Surg Res 1995;59:644-52.
  59. De Iaco PA, Stefanetti M, Pressato D, Piana S, Dona M, Pavesio A, Bovicelli L. A novel hyaluronan-based gel in laparoscopic adhesion prevention: Preclinical evaluation in an animal model. Fertil Steril 1998;69:318-23.
  60. Tsapanos VS, Stathopoulou LP, Papathanassopoulou VS, Tzingounis VA. The role of Seprafilm bioresorbable membrane in the prevention and therapy of endometrial synechiae. J Biomed Mater Res 2002;63:10-14.
  61. Pace S, Stentella P, Catania R, Palazzetti PL, Frega A. Endoscopic treatment of intrauterine adhesions. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 2003;30:26-28.
  62. Katz Z, Ben-Arie A, Lurie S, Manor M, Insler V. Reproductive outcome following hysteroscopic adhesiolysis in Asherman's syndrome. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 1996;41:462-65.
  63. Everett C. Incidence and outcome of bleeding before the 20th week of pregnancy: Prospective study fromgeneral practice. BMJ 1997;315:32-34.
  64. Kumari AS, Haq A, Jayasundaram R, Abdel-Wareth LO, Al Haija SA, Alvarez M. Metformin monotherapy in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome. R & Pro D. Biomed Online 2005;10:100-04.
  65. Crave JC, Fimbel S, Lejeune H, Cugnardey N, Dechaud H, Pugeat M. Effects of diet and metformin administration on sex hormone binding globulin, androgens, and insulin in hirsute and obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:2057-62.
  66. Pasquali R, Gambineri A, Biscotti D, Vicennati V, Gagliardi L, Colitta D, Fiorini S, Cognigni GE, Filicori M, Morselli-Labate AM. Effect of long-term treatment with metformin added to hypocaloric diet on body composition, fat distribution, and androgen and insulin levels in abdominally obese women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2767-74.
  67. Ehrmann DA, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J, Sturis J, Rosenfield RL, Polonsky KS. Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, insulin action, and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:524-30.
  68. De Leo V, la Marca A, Ditto A, Morgante G, Cianci A. Effects of metformin on gonadotropin-induced ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1999;72:282-85.
  69. Yarali H, Yildiz B, Demirol A, Zeyneloglu HB, Yigit N, Bukulmez O, Koray Z. Co-administration of metformin during rFSH treatment in patients with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovarian syndrome: A prospective randomized trial. Hum Reprod 2002;17:289-94.
  70. Palomba S, Falbo A, Orio F (Jr), Manguso F, Russo T, Tolino A, Colao A, Dale B, Zullo F. A randomized controlled trial evaluating metformin pretreatment and coadministration in nonobese insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation plus timed intercourse or intrauterine insemination. Hum Reprod 2005 Jun 15 (Epub ahead of print).
  71. Stadtmauer LA, Toma SK, Riehl RM, Talbert LM. Metformin treatment of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization improves outcomes and is associated with modulation of the insulin-like growth factors. Fertil Steril 2001;75:505-09.
  72. Stadtmauer LA, Toma SK, Riehl RM, Talbert LM. Impact of metformin therapy on ovarian stimulation and outcome in ‘coasted’ patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization. Reprod Biomed Online 2002;5:112-16.
  73. Glueck CJ, Phillips H, Cameron D, Sieve-Smith L, Wang P. Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce firsttrimester spontaneous abortion: A pilot study. Fertil Steril 2001;75:46-52.
  74. Kocak M, Caliskan E, Simsir C, Haberal A. Metformin therapy improves ovulatory rates, cervical scores, and pregnancy rates in clomiphene citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2002;77:101-06.
  75. Cole PA, Robinson CH. Mechanism and inhibition of cytochrome P-450 aromatase. J Med Chem 1990;33:2933-42.
  76. Akhtar M, Njar VC, Wright JN. Mechanistic studies on aromatase and related C-C bond cleaving P-450 enzymes. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993;44:375-87.
  77. Palter SF, Tavares AB, Hourvitz A, Veldhuis JD, Adashi EY. Are estrogens of import to primate/human ovarian folliculogenesis? Endocr Rev 2001;22:389-424.
  78. Weil S, Vendola K, Zhou J, Bondy CA. Androgen and follicle stimulating hormone interactions in primate ovarian follicle development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:2951-56.
  79. Vendola KA, Zhou J, Adesanya OO, Weil SJ, Bondy CA. Androgens stimulate early stages of follicular growth in the primate ovary. J Clin Invest 1998;101:2622-29.
  80. Giudice LC. Insulin-like growth factors and ovarian follicular development. Endocr Rev 1992;13:641-69.
  81. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of infertility. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2003;12:353-71.
  82. Mitwally MF, Biljan MM, Casper RF. Pregnancy outcome after the use of an aromatase inhibitor for ovarian stimulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:381-86.
  83. Mitwally MFM, Casper RF. The use of aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in cases of clomiphene citrate failure. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2002;14:255-63.
  84. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril 2001;75:305-09.
  85. Sammour A, Bijan MM, Tan SL, Tulandi T. Prospective randomised trial comparing the effects of letrazole (LE) and clomiphene citrate (CC) on follicular development, endometrial thickness and pregnancy rate in patients undergoing superovulation prior to intrauterine insemination (IUI). Fertil Steril 2001;76(Suppl 1):S110.
  86. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Single-dose administration of an aromatase inhibitor for ovarian stimulation. Fertil Steril 2005;83:229-31.
  87. Fisher SA, Reid RL, Van Vugt DA, Casper RF. A randomized double-blind comparison of the effects of clomiphene citrate and the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on ovulatory function in normal women. Fertil Steril 2002;78:280-85.
  88. Fatemi HM, Kalibianakis E, Tournaye H, Camus M, Van Steirteghem AC, Devroey P. Clomiphene citrate vs letrozole for ovarian stimulation: A pilot study. Reprod Biomed Online 2003;7:543-46.
  89. Hu Y, Cortvrindt R, Smitz J. Effects of aromatase inhibition on in vitro follicle and oocyte development analyzed by early preantral mouse follicle culture. Mol Reprod Dev 2002;61: 549-59.
  90. Shetty G, Krishnamurthy H, Krishnamurthy HN, Bhatnagar S, Moudgal NR. Effect of estrogen deprivation on the reproductive physiology of male and female primates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997;61:157-66.
  91. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Aromatase inhibition reduces gonadotrophin dose required for controlled ovarian stimulation in women with unexplained infertility. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1588-97.
  92. Mitwally MF, Casper RF. Aromatase inhibition improves ovarian response to follicle-stimulating hormone in poor responders. Fertil Steril 2002;77:776-80.
  93. Goswami SK, Das T, Chattopadhyay R, Sawhney V, Kumar J, Chaudhury K, Chakravarty BN, Kabir SN. A randomized single blind controlled trial of letrozole as a low-cost IVF protocol in women with poor ovarian response: A preliminary report. Hum Reprod 2004;19:2031-35.
  94. Newkirk KM, Chandler HL, Parent AE, et al. Ultraviolet radiation-induced corneal degeneration in 129 mice. Toxicol Pathol 2007;35:819-26.
  95. Pettenati MJ, Sweatt AJ, Lantz P, et al. The human cornea has a high incidence of acquired chromosome abnormalities. Hum Genet 1997;101:26-29.
  96. Snibson GR. Collagen cross-linking: A new treatment paradigm in corneal disease—a review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2010;38:141-53.
  97. Spoerl E, Raiskup-Wolf F, Kuhlisch E, Pillunat LE. Cigarette smoking is negatively associated with keratoconus. J Refract Surg 2008;24:S737-40.
  98. Rabinowitz YS, Nesburn AB, McDonnell PJ. Videokeratography of the fellow eye in unilateral keratoconus. Ophthalmology 1993;100:181-86.
  99. Goodrich DW, Lee WH. The molecular genetics of retinoblastoma. Cancer Surv 1990;9:529-54.
  100. Moodaley LC, Woodward EG, Liu CS, Buckley RJ. Life expectancy in keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol 1992;76:590-91.
  101. Honein MA, Dawson AL, Petersen EE, Jones AM, Lee EH, Yazdy MM, Ahmad N, Macdonald J, Evert N, Bingham A, et al. Birth defects among fetuses and infants of US women with evidence of possible Zika virus infection during pregnancy. JAMA 2017 Jan 3;317(1):59-68.
  102. Chervenak FA, Jeanty P, Cantraine F, Chitkara U, Venus I, Berkowitz RL, Hobbins JC. The diagnosis of fetal microcephaly. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984 Jul 1;149(5):512-517.
  103. Papageorghiou AT, Thilaganathan B, Bilardo CM, Ngu A, Malinger G, Herrera M, Salomon LJ, Riley LE, Copel JA. ISUOG Interim Guidance on ultrasound for Zika virus infection in pregnancy: information for healthcare professionals. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Apr;47(4):530-532.
  104. Chibueze EC, Parsons AJ, Lopes KD, Yo T, Swa T, Nagata C, Horita N, Morisaki N, Balogun OO, Dagvadorj A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound scanning for prenatal microcephaly in the context of Zika virus infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017 May 23;7(1):2310.
  105. Cordeiro MT. Zika virus: laboratory diagnosis. In: Zika in focus. Springer International Publishing; 2017. pp. 59-62.
  106. Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, Popović M, Poljšak-Prijatelj M, Mraz J, Kolenc M, Resman Rus K, Vesnaver Vipotnik T, Fabjan Vodušek V, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med 2016 Mar 10;374(10):951-958.
  107. Zare Mehrjardi M, Keshavarz E, Poretti A, Hazin AN. Neuroimaging findings of Zika virus infection: a review article. Jpn J Radiol 2016 Dec;34(12):765-770.
  108. Oliveira Melo AS, Malinger G, Ximenes R, Szejnfeld PO, Alves Sampaio S, Bispo de Filippis AM. Zika virus intrauterine infection causes fetal brain abnormality and microcephaly: tip of the iceberg? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2016 Jan;47(1):6-7.
  109. Araujo AQ, Silva MT, Araujo AP. Zika virus-associated neurological disorders: a review. Brain 2016;139(8):2122-2130.
  110. Brasil P, Pereira JP Jr, Moreira ME, Ribeiro Nogueira RM, Damasceno L, Wakimoto M, Rabello RS, Valderramos SG, Halai UA, Salles TS, et al. Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro. N Engl J Med 2016 Dec 15;375(24):2321-2334.
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.