Essentiality of Early Diagnosis of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Children and Review of its Clinical Presentation, Etiology and Management
Abhay Kumar Jain, Jaspal Singh
Keywords :
Hypomineralization, First permanent molars, Post-eruption breakdown
Citation Information :
Jain AK, Singh J. Essentiality of Early Diagnosis of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Children and Review of its Clinical Presentation, Etiology and Management. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012; 5 (3):190-196.
Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a common developmental condition resulting in enamel defects in first permanent molars and permanent incisors. It presents at eruption of these teeth. One to four molars, and often also the incisors, could be affected. Since first recognized, the condition has been puzzling and interpreted as a distinct phenomenon unlike other enamel disturbances. Early diagnosis is essential since, rapid breakdown of tooth structure may occur, giving rise to acute symptoms and complicated treatment. The purpose of this article is to review MIH and illustrate its diagnosis and clinical management in young children.
How to cite this article: Garg N, Jain AK, Saha S, Singh J. Essentiality of Early Diagnosis of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Children and Review of its Clinical Presentation, Etiology and Management. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012;5(3):190-196.
Smith, BH. Standards of human tooth formation and dental age assessment. In: Kelley, MA.; Larsen, CS., editors. Advances in dental anthropology. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1991. p. 143-68.
Beentjes VEVM, Weerheijm KL, Groen HJ. a match-control study into the aetiology of hypomineralised first permanent molars. European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry Congress. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2000;1:123.
Jalevik B, Klingberg G, Noren JG, Barregard L. Epidemiological study of idiopathic enamel hypomineralisation in permanent first molars. European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry Congress. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2000;1:128.
Leppaniemi A, Lukinmaa L, Alaluusua S. Nonfluoridehypomineralisation in permanent first molars. European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry Congress. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2000;1:128.
Weerheijm KL, Groen HJ, Beentjes VEVM. Prevalence in 11- year-old Dutch children of cheese molars. European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry Congress. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2000;1:129.
Weerheijm KL (Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH). Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003 Sep;4(3):114-120.
Jalevik B (Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Göteborg University, Sweden). Enamel hypomineralisation in permanent first molars. A clinical, histo-morphological and biochemical study. Swed Dent J Suppl 2001;149:1-86.
Fitzpatrick L (Dublin Dental School and Hospital, Lincoln Place, Dublin 2), O'Connell A. First permanent molars with molar incisor hypomineralisation. J Ir Dent Assoc 2007 Spring; 53(1):32-37.
Jälevik B (Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Göteborg University, Sweden). Enamel hypomineralization in permanent first molars. A clinical, histo-morphological and biochemical study. Swed Dent J Suppl 2001;149:1-86.
Rodd HD, Boissonade FM, Day PF. Pulpal status of hypomineralised permanent molars. Pediatr Dent 2007 Nov-Dec; 29(6):514-520.
Kreshover SJ, Clough OW. Prenatal influences on tooth development. II. Artificially induced fever in rats. J Dent Res 1953 Aug;32(4):565-577.
Alam M (Department of Pediatric Medicine, National Institute of Child Health, Karachi.alam_1962@hotmail.com), Raza SJ, Sherali AR, Akhtar AS. Neonatal complications in infants born to diabetic mothers. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2006 Mar;16(3):212-215.
Norwitz ER (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ernorwitz@bics.bwh.harvard.edu), Robinson JN, Challis JR. The control of labor. N Engl J Med 1999 Aug 26;341(9):660-666.
Rosli A, Fanconi A. Neonatal hypocalcaemia. “Early type” in low birth weight newborns. Helv Paediatr Acta 1973 Nov;28(5):443-457.
Behrman, RE.; Vaughan, VC. Nelson's textbook of pediatrics. 13th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1987. p. 207-209, 870- 871, 878-881.
Tsang RC, Donovan EF, Steichen JJ. Calcium physiology and pathology in the neonate. Pediatr Clin North Am 1976 Nov;23(4):611-626.
Hansen AK (Perinatal Epidemiology Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Brendstrupgaardsvej 100, Skejby, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark. AKH@svf.au.dk), Wisborg K, Uldbjerg N, Henriksen TB. Risk of respiratory morbidity in term infants delivered by elective caesarean section: cohort study. BMJ 2008 Jan 12;336(7635):85-87.
Beentjes VE (Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Weerheijm KL, Groen HJ. Factors involved in the aetiology of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH). Eur J Paediatr Dent 2002 Mar;3(1):9-13.
Jalevik B, Noren JG, Klingberg G, Barregard L. Etiologic factors influencing the prevalence of demarcated opacities in permanent first molars. Arch Oral Biol 2001;46(3):239-247.
Laisi S (Health Center, Ylämaa, Finland), Ess A, Sahlberg C, Arvio P, Lukinmaa PL, Alaluusua S. Amoxicillin may cause molar incisor hypomineralization. J Dent Res 2009 Feb;88(2):132-136.
Alaluusua S (Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. satu.alaluusua@helsinki.fi), Calderara P, Gerthoux PM, Lukinmaa PL, Kovero O, Needham L, Patterson DG Jr, Tuomisto J, Mocarelli P. Developmental dental aberrations after the dioxin accident in Seveso. Environ Health Perspect 2004 Sep;112(13):1313-1318.
Jan J (Department of Cariology and Dental Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Hrvatski trg 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. janja.jan@mf.uni-lj.si), Sovcikova E, Kocan A, Wsolova L, Trnovec T. Developmental dental defects in children exposed to PCBs in eastern Slovakia. Chemosphere 2007;67(9):S350-354.
Alaluusua S (Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, P.O. Box 41, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland), Lukinmaa PL, Vartiainen T, Partanen M, Torppa J, Tuomisto J. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans via mother's milk may cause developmental defects in the child's teeth. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 1996 May 15;1(3):193-197.
Laisi S (Health Center, Ylämaa), Kiviranta H, Lukinmaa PL, Vartiainen T, Alaluusua S. Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation and dioxins: New findings. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008 Dec;9(4):224-247.
Whatling R (Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Royal London Hospital, London, UK. rosemary.whatling@bartsandthelondon. nhs.uk), Fearne JM. Molar incisor hypomineralisation: a study of aetiological factors in a group of UK children. Int J Paed Dent 2008;18:155-234.
Koch G (Department of Pedodontics, Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden), Hallonsten AL, Ludvigsson N, Hansson BO, Holst A, Ullbro C. Epidemiologic study of idiopathic enamel hypomineralization in permanent teeth of Swedish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1987 Oct;15(5):279-285.
Jasulaityte L (Academic Centre of Dentistry Amsterdam, The Netherlands. L.Jasulaityte@acta.nl), Weerheijm KL, Veerkamp JS. Prevalence of molar-incisor-hypomineralisation among children participating in the Dutch National Epidemiological Survey (2003). Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008 Dec;9(4):218-223.
Alaluusua S (Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontics, University of Helsinki, Finland. salaluus@hammas.helsinki.fi), Lukinmaa PL, Koskimies M, Pirinen S, Hölttä P, Kallio M, Holttinen T, Salmenperä L. Developmental dental defects associated with long breast feeding. Eur J Oral Sci 1996 Oct- Dec;104(5-6):493-497.
Leppäniemi A (Department of Pedodontics and Orthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland), Lukinmaa PL, Alaluusua S. Nonfluoride hypomineralizations in the permanent first molars and their impact on the treatment need. Caries Res 2001 Jan-Feb;35(1):36-40.
Jälevik B (Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Göteborg University, Sweden. birgitta.jalevik@vgregion.se), Klingberg G, Barregard L, Noren JG. The prevalence of demarcated opacities in permanent first molars in a group of Swedish children. Acta Odontol Scand 2001 Oct;59(5):255-260.
Weerheijm KL (Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Weerkamp@xs4all.nl), Mejare I. Molar incisor-hypomineralization: a questionnaire inventory of its occurrence in member countries of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD). Int J Paediatr Dent 2003 Nov; 13(6):411-416.
William V (Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia), Messer LB, Burrow MF. Molar incisor-hypomineralisation: review and recommendations for clinical management. Pediatr Dent 2006 May-Jun;28(3):224-232.
Calderara PC (Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland), Gerthoux PM, Mocarelli P, Lukinmaa PL, Tramacere PL, Alaluusua S. The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in a group of Italian school children. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2005 Jun;6(2):79-83.
Muratbegovic A (Dept. Preventive and Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. amramuratbegovic@gmail.com), Markovic N, Ganibegovic Selimovic M. Molar incisor hypomineralisation in Bosnia and Hezegovina: Aetiology and clinical consequences in medium caries activity population. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2007 Dec;8(4):189-194.
Weerheijm KL (Department of Cariology Endodontology Pedodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry (ACTA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Groen HJ, Beentjes VE, Poorterman JH. Prevalence of cheese molars in eleven-year-old Dutch children. ASDC J Dent Child 2001 Jul-Aug;68(4):259-262.
Jasulaityte L (Dept Paediatric Dentistry, Academic Centre of Dentistry Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.jasulaityte@acta.nl), Veerkamp JS, Weerheijm KL. Molar incisor hypomineralization: Review and prevalence data from the study of primary school children in Kaunas/Lithuania. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2007 Jun;8(2):87-94.
Preusser SE, Ferring V, Wleklinski C, Wetzel WE. Prevalence and severity of molar incisor-hypomineralisation in a region of Germany—a brief communication. J Public Health Dent 2007 Summer;67(3):148-150.
Mahoney EK (Dental Research Group, Wellington School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Newtown, Wellington. erinkm@slingshot.co.nz), Morrison DG. The prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in Wainuiomata children. N Z Dent J 2009 Dec;105(4):121-127.
Kemoli AM (Department of Paediatric Dentistry/Orthodontics, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 34848-00100, Nairobi, Kenya). Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation in six to eight year-olds in two rural divisions in Kenya. East Afr Med J 2008 Oct;85(10):514-519.
Kukleva MP (Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria), Petrova SG, Kondeva VK, Nihtyanova TI. Molar incisor hypomineralisation in 7-to-14-year-old children in Plovdiv, Bulgaria—an epidemiologic study. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2008 Jul-Sep;50(3):71-75.
Cho SY (School Dental Care Service, Department of Health, Hong Kong. rony_cho@dh.gov.hk), Ki Y, Chu V. Molar incisor hypomineralization in Hong Kong Chinese children. Int J Paediatr Dent 2008 Sep;18(5):348-352.
Kusku OO (Dept. of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey), Caglar E, Sandalli N. The prevalence and aetiology of molar-incisor hypomineralisation in a group of children in Istanbul. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2008 Sep;9(3):139-144.
Lygidakis NA (Dept of Paediatric Dentistry, Community Dental Center for Children, Athens, Greece. lygidakis@ath.forthnet.gr), Dimou G, Briseniou E. Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH). Retrospective clinical study in Greek children. I. Prevalence and defect characteristics. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008 Dec;9(4):200-206.
Fteita D (Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland), Ali A, Alaluusua S. Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH) in a group of school-aged children in Benghazi, Libya. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2006 Jun;7(2):92-95.
Zagdwon AM (Department of Paediatric Dentistry Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, England), Toumba KJ, Curzon ME. The prevalence of developmental enamel defects in permanent molars in a group of English school children. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2002 Jun;3(2):91-96.
Soviero V (Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. soviero@compuland.com.br), Haubek D, Trindade C, Da Matta T, Poulsen S. Prevalence and distribution of demarcated opacities and their sequelae in permanent 1st molars and incisors in 7 to 13-year-old Brazilian children. Acta Odontol Scand 2009;67(3):170-175.
Fayle SA (Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Leeds Dental Institute, Leeds, England). Molar incisor hypomineralisation: Restorative management. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003 Sep;4(3):121-126.
Jalevik B (Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Odontology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden), Noren JG. Enamel hypomineralization of permanent first molars: A morphological study and survey of possible aetiological factors. Int J Paediatr Dent 2000 Dec;10(4):278-289.
Wray A, Welbury R; Faculty of Dental Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons. UK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric Dentistry: Treatment of intrinsic discoloration in permanent anterior teeth in children and adolescents. Int J Paediatr Dent 2001 Jul;11(4):309-315.