International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry

Register      Login

SEARCH WITHIN CONTENT

FIND ARTICLE

Volume / Issue

Online First

Archive
Volume  17 (2024)
Volume  16 (2023)
Volume  15 (2022)
Volume  14 (2021)
Volume  13 (2020)
Volume  12 (2019)
Volume  11 (2018)
Volume  10 (2017)
Volume  9 (2016)
Volume  8 (2015)
Volume  7 (2014)
Volume  6 (2013)
Volume  5 (2012)
Volume  4 (2011)
Volume  3 (2010)
Volume  2 (2009)
Volume  1 (2008)
Related articles

VOLUME 17 , ISSUE 3 ( March, 2024 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Evaluation of Salivary Immunoglobulin A Level and Its Correlation with Severity of Early Childhood Caries: An Original Research

Varsha Sharma, Anandamoy Bagchi, Brahmananda Dutta, Mukul Sharma

Keywords : Abbott Architect c system, Decayed, missing, filled teeth/decayed, extracted, filled teeth, Early childhood caries, Salivary immunoglobulin A

Citation Information : Sharma V, Bagchi A, Dutta B, Sharma M. Evaluation of Salivary Immunoglobulin A Level and Its Correlation with Severity of Early Childhood Caries: An Original Research. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024; 17 (3):316-320.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2802

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 01-06-2024

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2024; The Author(s).


Abstract

Background and objectives: Early childhood caries (ECC) remains one of the most prevalent diseases mutilating the primary dentition. It is a multifactorial disease that severely affects the quality of life of affected children. One of the risk indicators reported in the literature is the presence of viable mutans streptococci (MS) and protective factors such as salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA). Hence, it is important to identify such risks and protective factors associated with ECC using simple yet reliable methods supported by advanced technology and a fully automated platform to improve the results. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was done on 40 children who were divided into two groups: group I (experimental) and group II (control). Group I comprised 30 healthy children who were further divided into three subgroups of 10 children each. Group IA with decayed, missing, filled teeth/decayed, extracted, filled teeth (dmft/deft) = 1–2, group IB with dmft/deft = 3–4, group IC with dmft/deft ≥5, and group II, comprising 10 healthy children having no caries by using World Health Organization (WHO) 2013 Oral Health Survey criteria. Unstimulated saliva was collected by drooling saliva into a sterile container. The samples were transported to the central research laboratory for SIgA by the immunoturbidimetry method by a fully automated Abbott Architect c system. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: On comparison of SIgA in between varying severities of dental caries and caries-free children between age-group of 3 and 6 years, it was found to be below the grand median 0.20 mg/mL for subgroups IA and control group II. A significant negative statistical correlation (r = −0.948) was present between the SIgA and varying severities of ECC and the control group. Interpretation and conclusion: The low dmft/deft group was found to be relatively closer to the caries-free groups as their mean dmft was 1.50, standard deviation (SD) ± 0.53. A slight change in dmft/deft score and SIgA could be used as a potential biomarker for assessing the severity of ECC in children between age-group of 3 and 6 years.

HTML PDF Share
  1. Fakhruddin KS, Ngo HC, Samaranayake LP. Cariogenic microbiome and microbiota of the early primary dentition: a contemporary overview. Oral Dis 2018;25(4):982–995. DOI: 10.1111/odi.12932
  2. Drury TF, Horowitz AM, Ismail AI, et al. Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes. J Public Health Dent 1999;59(3):192–197. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03268.x
  3. Edgar WM. Saliva: its secretion, composition and functions. Br Dent J 1992;172(8):305–312. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4807861
  4. Humphrey SP, Williamson RT. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. J Prosthet Dent 2001;85(2):162–169. DOI: 10.1067/mpr.2001.113778
  5. de Almeida Pdel V, Gregio AM, Machado MA, et al. Saliva composition and functions: a comprehensive review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2008;9(3):72–80.
  6. Gao X, Jiang S, Koh D, et al. Salivary biomarkers for dental caries. Periodontol 2000 2016;70(1):128–141. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12100
  7. Axelsson P. Diagnosis and Risk Prediction of Dental Caries. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.; 2000. pp. 55–76.
  8. Thaweboon S, Thaweboon B, Nakornchai S, et al. Salivary secretory IgA, pH, flow rates, mutans streptococci and Candida in children with rampant caries. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2008;39(5):893–899.
  9. Parisotto T, King W, Duque C, et al. Immunological and microbiologic changes during caries development in young children. Caries Res 2011;45(4):377–385. DOI: 10.1159/000330230
  10. Yang Y, Li Y, Lin Y, et al. Comparison of immunological and microbiological characteristics in children and the elderly with or without dental caries. Eur J Oral Sci 2015;123(2):80–87. DOI: 10.1111/eos.12172
  11. Chawda JG, Chaduvula N, Patel HR, et al. Salivary SIgA and dental caries activity. Indian Pediatr 2011;48(9):719–721. DOI: 10.1007/s13312-011-0113-y
  12. Heba NY. Comparison of immunoglobulin IgA level in the stimulated saliva of caries-free and caries active children aged 7-10 years. Jo baghdad بغداداالسنانطبكليةمجلة Dentistry of College 2016;28(3):155–158.
  13. Gilbert K, Joseph R, Vo A, et al. Children with severe early childhood caries: streptococci genetic strains within carious and white spot lesions. J Oral Microbiol 2014;6. DOI: 10.3402/jom.v6.25805
  14. Brandtzaeg PER. Current understanding of gastrointestinal immunoregulation and its relation to food allergy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;964(1):13–45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04131.x
  15. Weemaes C, Klasen I, Göertz J, et al. Development of immunoglobulin A in infancy and childhood. Scandinavian J Immunol 2003;58(6):642–648. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2003.01344.x
  16. Nanda J, Sachdev V, Sandhu M, et al. Correlation between dental caries experience and mutans streptococci counts using saliva and plaque as microbial risk indicators in 3-8 year old children. A cross sectional study. J Clin Exp Dent 2015;7(1):e114–8. DOI: 10.4317/jced.51814
  17. de Farias GD, Bezerra AC. Salivary antibodies, amylase and protein from children with early childhood caries. Clinical Oral Investig 2003;7(3):154–157. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-003-0222-7
  18. Rudney JD, Smith QT. Relationships between levels of lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary peroxidase, and secretory immunoglobulin A in stimulated parotid saliva. Infect Immun 1985;49(3):469–475. DOI: 10.1128/IAI.49.3.469-475.1985
  19. Shifa S, Muthu MS, Amarlal D, et al. Quantitative assessment of IgA levels in the unstimulated whole saliva of caries-free and caries-active children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2008;26(4):158–161. DOI: 10.4103/0970-4388.44031
  20. Lynge Pedersen AM, Belstrøm D. The role of natural salivary defences in maintaining a healthy oral microbiota. J Dent 2019;80(Suppl 1):S3–S12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.010
  21. Sanui T, Gregory RL. Analysis of Streptococcus mutans biofilm proteins recognized by salivary immunoglobulin A. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2009;24(5):361–368. DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302X.2009.00523.x
  22. Khatoon Z, McTiernan CD, Suuronen EJ, et al. Bacterial biofilm formation on implantable devices and approaches to its treatment and prevention. Heliyon 2018;4(12):e01067. DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01067
  23. Kuriakose S, Prasannan M, Remya K, et al. Prevalence of early childhood caries among preschool children in Trivandrum and its association with various risk factors. J Indian Soc Pedod Pre Dent 2013;31(2):69–73. DOI: 10.4103/0976-237X.149295
  24. Fidalgo TK, Freitas-Fernandes LB, Ammari M, et al. The relationship between unspecific S-IgA and dental caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 2014;42(11):1372–1381. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2014.07.011
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.