Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Zinc Oxide Eugenol with Zinc Oxide Mixed with Three Herbal Products to be Used as Root Canal Filling Material: An In Vitro Study
Introduction: Primary teeth with pulpal involvement and those having periapical issues should be retained until their normal exfoliation because their premature loss may lead to adverse aberrations in the future dentition. Root canals harbor different types of microorganisms and root canal infections generally are polymicrobial in nature. One of the most common and preferred root canal filling material which is commonly used for primary teeth is zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cement.
Aims and objectives: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of ZOE with zinc oxide powder mixed with Morinda citrifolia extract, Aloe vera extract, and neem extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans.Materials and methods: The material used in the study were zinc oxide powder, eugenol liquid, M. citrifolia extract, A. vera extract, neem extract, petroleum jelly (Vaseline). The zinc oxide powder was mixed with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) percentage value of herbal extract.
Result: Zinc oxide eugenol showed strong inhibitory effect against S. aureus and C. albicans. For P. aeruginosa, zinc oxide+M. citrifolia showed strong inhibitory. Petroleum jelly (Vaseline) was used as control agent which showed no inhibitory effect.
Conclusion: The test root canal filling materials, i.e., ZOE, zinc oxide powder mixed with M. citrifolia extract, A. vera extract, and neem extract, respectively showed varied antimicrobial activity against the microorganisms tested, i.e., S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans.
Reddy S, Ramakrishna Y. Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of various root canal filling materials used in primary teeth: a microbiological study. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2007;31(3):193–198. DOI: 10.17796/jcpd.31.3.t73r4061424j2578
Barja-Fidalgo F, Moutinho-Ribeiro M, Oliveira MAA, et al.. A systematic review of root canal filling materials for deciduous teeth: is there an alternative for zinc oxide-eugenol. ISRN Dent. 2011;2011:11–7. DOI: 10.5402/2011/367318
Rana V, Baba SM, Pandey A. Bacteriology of infected deciduous root canal—a review. People's J Sci Res 2009;2(2):45–48.
Tyagi SP, Sinha DJ, Garg P, et al. Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of propolis, Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica (Neem) and 5% sodium hypochlorite on C. albicans biofilm formed on tooth substrate: An in-vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2013;16(6):532–535. DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.120973
Sweet CA. Procedure for treatment of exposed and pulpless deciduous teeth. J Am Dent Assoc. 1930;17:1150–53. DOI: https://Doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2007.08.004
Tchaou W-S, Turng B-F, Minah GE, et al. Inhibition of pure cultures of oral bacteria by root canal filling materials. Pediatr Dent 1996;18(7):444–449. PMID: 8970206.
Mortazavi M, Mesbahi M. Comparison of zinc oxide and eugenol, and Vitapex for root canal treatment of necrotic primary teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent 2004;14(6):417–424. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2004.00544.x
Mian-Ying W, West BJ, Jensen CJ, et al. Morinda citrifolia (noni): a literature review and recent advances in Noni research. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2002;23(12):1127–1141. PMID: 12466051.
Barani K, Manipal S, Prabhu D, Ahmed A, et al. Antifungal activity of Morinda Citrifolia (noni) extracts against Candida Albicans: an in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2014;25(2):188–190. DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.135918
Yamaguchi I, Mega N, Sanada H. Components of the gel Aloe vera (L.) burn. F Biosci Biotech Biochem 1993;57(8):1350–1352. DOI: 10.1271/bbb.57.1350
Swanholm CE, St John H, Scheuer PJ.A survey of alkaloids in Hawaiian plants. Pacific Sci 1959;13:295-305.
Furusawa E, Hirazumi A, Story S, et al. Antitumour potential of a polysaccharide–rich substance from the fruit juice of Morinda citrifolia (Noni) on sarcoma 180 ascites tumour in mice. Phytother Res 2003;17(10):1158–1164. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1307
Dennis P. West, Ya Fen Zhu. Evaluation of aloe vera gel gloves in the treatment of dry skin associated with occupational exposure. Am J Infect Control.. 2003;31(1):40–42. DOI: 10.1067/mic.2003.12
Yagi A, Kabash A, Mizuno K, et al. Radical scavenging glycoprotein inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 and thromboxane A2 synthase from aloe vera gel. Planta Med 2003;69(3):269–271. DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-38481
Roy Upton. Aloe Vera Leaf. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. 2012: p. 7.
Hamman JH. Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules 2008;13:1599-1616. DOI: 10.3390/molecules13081599
Choi SW, SonBW, Son YS, et al. The wound-healing effect of a glycoprotein fraction isolated from Aloe vera. Br J Dermatol 2001;145(4):535–545. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04410.x
Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee RK, et al. Biological activities and medicinal properties of Neem (Azadirachta indica). Curr Sci 2002;82(10):1336–1345. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24106000
Packia NCJ, Sowmia N, Viveka S, et al. The inhibiting effect of Azadirachta indica against dental pathogens. Asian J Plant Sci Res 2012;2(1):6–10.
Yadav KCH, Rao YV. Evaluation of topical anti -inflammatory effect of Azadirachta indica leaf extract. Int Res J Pharm App Sci 2012 2012;2(5):60–64.
Pankaj S, Lokeshwar T, Mukesh B, et al. Review on neem (Azadirachta indica): Thousand problems one solution. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 2011;2(12):97–102. Approved for publication: 19/12/11
Brumfitt W, Hamilton-Miller JM, Gooding A. Gooding. Importance of methodology in determining bactericidal and bacteriostatic activities of azlocillin and ticarcillin against pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Microbiol 1984;17(1): 37–44. DOI: 10.1099/00222615-17-1-37
Collee JG, Frazer AG, Marshmuin BP, et al., ed. In: Mackie and Macartney's Practical Medical Microbiology, 14th ed, New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996.
Andrews JM. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;48(1):5–16. DOI: 10.1093/jac/48.suppl_1.5
Bauer AW, Kirby W, Sherris JC, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by standardized single disc method. AmJ of Clin Pathol 1966;45(4): 493–496.
World Health Organization. Microbiological examination of non-sterile products: tests for specified microorganisms. 4th ed. The International Pharmacopoeia. 2012:1–13.
Kriplani R, Thosar N, Baliga MS, et al. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of various root canal filling materials along with aloevera used in primary teeth: a microbiological study. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013;37(3):257–62. DOI: 10.17796/jcpd.37.3.j62u53q2300484x5
Sureshchandra B, Kumar AJ. Antibacterial efficacy of Aloe vera extract on resistant antimicrobial strains in endodontics. Endodontology 2011;23:58–62.
Hegde S, Lala PK, Dinesh Rao B, et al. An in vitro evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of primary root canal filling materials. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012; 37(1): 59–64. DOI: 10.17796/jcpd.37.1.v6305588xw525505
Cox ST Jr, Hembree JH Jr, McKnight JP. The bactericidal potential of various endodontic materials for primary teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1978;45(6):947–954. DOI: 10.1016/s0030-4220(78)80017-6
Spencer CG, Campbell PM, Buschang PH, et al. Antimicrobial effects of zinc oxide in an orthodontic bonding agent. Angle Orthod 2009;79(2):317–322. DOI: 10.2319/011408-19.1
Bohora A, Hegde V, Kokate S. Comparison of the antibacterial efficiency of neem leaf extract and 2% sodium hypochlorite against E. faecalis, C. albicans and mixed culture. An in vitro study. Endodontology 2010;22:8–12.
Murray PE, Farber RM, Namerow KN, et al. Evaluation of Morinda citrifolia as an endodontic irrigant. J Endod 2008;34(1):66–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.09.016
