International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry

Register      Login

SEARCH WITHIN CONTENT

FIND ARTICLE

Volume / Issue

Online First

Archive
Volume  17 (2024)
Volume  16 (2023)
Volume  15 (2022)
Volume  14 (2021)
Volume  13 (2020)
Volume  12 (2019)
Volume  11 (2018)
Volume  10 (2017)
Volume  9 (2016)
Volume  8 (2015)
Volume  7 (2014)
Volume  6 (2013)
Volume  5 (2012)
Volume  4 (2011)
Volume  3 (2010)
Volume  2 (2009)
Volume  1 (2008)
Related articles

VOLUME 15 , ISSUE 5 ( September-October, 2022 ) > List of Articles

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Comparative Evaluation of Reduction in Pain Perception Using 5% Topical LA vs Freezed Cone as a Preparatory Agent for Intraoral Injection in Children and Effect of VRD as Distraction Technique

Rashi Singh, Nidhi Gupta, Natasha Gambhir

Keywords : 5% lidogaine gel, Distraction technique, Freezed cone, Intraoral injection, Pain Perception, Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale

Citation Information : Singh R, Gupta N, Gambhir N. Comparative Evaluation of Reduction in Pain Perception Using 5% Topical LA vs Freezed Cone as a Preparatory Agent for Intraoral Injection in Children and Effect of VRD as Distraction Technique. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022; 15 (5):558-563.

DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2453

License: CC BY-NC 4.0

Published Online: 30-01-2023

Copyright Statement:  Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).


Abstract

Aim: To compare freezed cone and 5% lignocaine as a numbing agent before intraoral injection and evaluate the effect of virtual reality distraction (VRD) as a distraction technique in reducing pain perception in children. Study design: Around 60 children of 6–11 years old undergoing treatment for the extraction or any pulp therapy of primary tooth were selected. Freezed cone and 5% lidocaine were used to decrease the pain during local anesthesia (LA). VRD was used as a distraction method and to analyze the pain perception, Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale was used. Materials and methods: Each child was randomly assigned to receive ice as a topical anesthetic or lignocaine 5% as a topical anesthetic agent. The pain perception was evaluated after the injection of 2% lignocaine hydrochloride (HCL). The primary researcher evaluated the pain during injection using the sound, eye, motor (SEM) scale. The pain experienced during injection was evaluated using Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. Results: In the freezed cone group with the VRD technique, maximum responded to the less pain score. On the contrary, many responded to higher pain scores in the freezed cone group without the VRD technique. Conclusion: It was concluded that the VRD technique can be used for distraction and the frozen ice cone can be an alternative method to reduce the pain perception during LA.

PDF Share
  1. Malamed Stanley “Sedation-A guide to patient management”. 5th Edition Mosby Inc affiliated to. Elsevier, 2010.
  2. McDonald RE, Avery DR, Dean JA. 9th ed. Maryland Heights: Mosby/Elsevier; 2011. McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent; pp. 241–4.
  3. Ghaderi F, Banakar S, Rostami S. Effect of pre-cooling injection site on pain perception in pediatric dentistry: “a randomized clinical trial”. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2013;10(6):790–794. DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.122486
  4. O’Brien L, Taddio A, Lyszkiewicz DA, et al. A critical review of the topical local anesthetic amethocaine (ametop) for pediatric pain. Paediatr Drugs 2005;7(1):41–54. DOI: 10.2165/00148581-200507010-00004
  5. Al-Khotani A, Bello LA, Christidis N. Effects of audiovisual distraction on children's behaviour during dental treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Acta Odontal Scand 2016;74(6):494–501. DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2016.1206211
  6. Bartfield JM, Crisafulli KM, Raccio-Robak N, et al. The effects of warming and buffering on pain of infiltration of lidocaine. Acad Emerg Med 1995;2(4):254–258. DOI: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03218.x
  7. Courtney DJ, Agrawal S, Revington PJ. Local anaesthesia: to warm or alter the pH? A survey of current practice. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1999;44(3):167–171.
  8. Younis I, Bhutiani RP. Taking the ‘ouch’ out - effect of buffering commercial xylocaine on infiltration and procedure pain - a prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2004;86(3):213–217. DOI: 10.1308/003588404323043382
  9. Harbert H. Topical ice: a precursor to palatal injections. J Endod 1989;15(1):27–28. DOI: 10.1016/S0099-2399(89)80094-9
  10. Hindocha N, Manhem F, Backryd E, et al. Ice versus lidocaine 5% gel for topical anaesthesia of oral mucosa - a randomized cross-over study. BMC Anesthesiol 2019;19(1):227. DOI: 10.1186/s12871-019-0902-8
  11. Wolf D, Otto J. Efficacy and safety of a lidocaine gel in patients from 6 months up to 8 years with acute painful sites in the oral cavity: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, comparative study. Int J Pediatr 2015;2015:141767. DOI: 10.1155/2015/141767
  12. Gupte T, Modi UA, Gupte S, et al. Determination of onset of action and efficacy of topical lignocaine anesthesia in children: an in vivo study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(3):178–181. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1615
  13. Bågesund M, Tabrizi P. Lidocaine 20% patch vs lidocaine 5% gel for topical anaesthesia of oral mucosa. Int J Paediatr Dent 2008;18(6):452–460. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2007.00910.x
  14. Nayak R, Sudha P. Evaluation of three topical anaesthetic agents against pain: A clinical study. Indian J Dent Res 2006;17(4);155–160. DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.29871
  15. Rao DG, Havale R, Nagaraj M, et al. Assessment of efficacy of virtual reality distraction in reducing pain perception and anxiety in children aged 6-10 years: a behavioral interventional study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(6):510–513. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1694
  16. Niharika P, Reddy NV, Srujana P, et al. Effects of distraction using virtual reality technology on pain perception and anxiety levels in children during pulp therapy of primary molars. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2018;36(4):364–369. DOI: 10.4103/JISPPD.JISPPD_1158_17
  17. Koticha P, Katge F, Shetty S, et al. Effectiveness of virtual reality eyeglasses as a distraction aid to reduce anxiety among 6-10-year-old children undergoing dental extraction procedure. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(4):297–302. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1640
  18. Sweta VR, Abhinav RP, Ramesh A. Role of virtual reality in pain perception of patients following the administration of local anesthesia. Ann Maxillofac Surg 2019; 9(1):110–113. DOI: 10.4103/ams.ams_263_18
  19. Aminabadi NA, Farahani RM. The effect of pre-cooling the injection site on pediatric pain perception during the administration of local anesthesia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2009;10(3):43–50.
  20. Vafaei A, Rahbar M, Dadkhah R, et al. Children's pain perception and behavioral feedback during local anesthetic injection with four injection site preparation methods. Maedica (Bucur) 2019;14(4):343–349. DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2019.14.4.343
  21. Asl Aminabadi N, Erfanparast L, Sohrabi A, et al. The impact of virtual reality distraction on pain and anxiety during dental treatment in 4–6 year-old children: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospect 2012;6(4):117–124. DOI: 10.5681/joddd.2012.025
  22. Shetty V, Suresh LR, Hegde AM. Effect of virtual reality distraction on pain and anxiety during dental treatment in 5 to 8 year old children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;43(2):97–102. DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-43.2.5
  23. dos Santos Calderon P, Peixoto RF, Gomes VM, et al. Concordance among different pain scales in patients with dental pain. J Orofac Pain 2012;26(2):126–131.
  24. Algafly AA, George KP. The effect of cryotherapy on nerve conduction velocity, pain threshold and pain tolerance. Br J Sports Med 2007;41(6):365–369. DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2006.031237
  25. Satya Bhushan NV, Nayak RN. A comparison of the efficacy of topical application of lignocaine hydrochloride 5% gel and bupivacaine hydrochloride 5% gel for extraction of teeth. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2010;9(2):119–126. DOI: 10.1007/s12663-010-0038-3
  26. Lathwal G, Pandit IK, Gugnani N, et al. Efficacy of different precooling agents and topical anesthetics on the pain perception during intraoral injection: a comparative clinical study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2015;8(2):119–122. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1296
  27. Abdelmoniem SA, Mahmoud SA. Comparative evaluation of passive, active, and passive-active distraction techniques on pain perception during local anesthesia administration in children. J Adv Res 2015;7(3):551–556. DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2015.10.001
  28. Hoffman HG, Garcia-Palacios A, Patterson DR, et al. The effectiveness of virtual reality for dental pain control: a case study. Cyberpsychol Behav 2001;4(4):527–535. DOI: 10.1089/109493101750527088
  29. Sullivan C, Schneider PE, Musselman RJ, et al. The effect of virtual reality during dental treatment on child anxiety and behavior. ASDC J Dent Child 2000;67(3):193–196, 160–161.
  30. Jayasuriya NSS, Weerapperuma ID, Amarasinghe MGCK. The use of an iced cotton bud as an effective pre-cooling method for palatal anaesthesia: a technical note. Singapore Dent J 2017;38:17–19. DOI: 10.1016/j.sdj.2017.07.001
PDF Share
PDF Share

© Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.